Although the hand hygiene (HH) procedure is simple, the related behaviour is complex and is not readily understood, explained, or changed. Appropriate theories of behavioural change are often not considered in the design and use of assessment tools relating to HH behaviour. The COM-B HHB questionnaire is reliable and valid and has the potential to provide data to support the development, and evaluation, of HH interventions that meet the needs of specific healthcare units.

The Checklist of Unit Behaviors (CUB) is a self-report measure consisting of 16 questions. The first nine questions (Part A) are associated with approach and engagement with the treatment milieu on an acute psychiatric unit. The remaining six questions (Part B) are associated with avoidance of the treatment milieu.

Nursing is a caring profession, which practices alongside other disciplines. Communication amongst health care personnel has been implicated in the literature as a cause of most patient errors and sentinel events between 1995 and 2006 (American Association of Critical Care Nursing [AACN], 2005; Dillon et al., 2009; Joint Commission, 2012; Wachter, 2010; World Health Organization, 2007). The majority of nursing programs do not include interdisciplinary or collaborative educational experiences in their curricula (Lavin et al., 2001).

In the development of the Multiple Sclerosis Self-Management Scale-Revised (MSSM-R) we have attempted to create an instrument that addresses both the multidimensional nature of self-management in general, and those aspects of self-management that may be specific to the experience of persons with MS. Recent definitions of self-management consistently highlight its multidimensional nature. Among the most frequently identified dimensions, which we have incorporated in the MSSM-R, are:
(1) Understanding one’s condition and participating in learning about MS;

In recent years a number of investigators have begun to examine the impact of people's personality tendencies on their physical health. The Health Orientation Scale (HOS) is an objective self-report measure of several health-related personality features: private health consciousness, defined as the tendency to be highly aware of and to think about one's physical health-fitness; health image concern, defined as the tendency to be highly aware of the external, observable impression that one's physical health makes on others; health anxiety, defined as the tendency to be anxious and nervous ab

The Diet Self -Efficacy Scale DIET-SE consists of three factors. The first factor is called high caloric food temptations (HCF). It consists of four items describing situations in which the exposure to tempting high caloric food (e.g., cake or ice cream) might make it difficult to resist eating it. The second is called social and internal factors (SIF). It consists of four items describing situations in which social or internal factors, such as being with friends or feeling tired, might make it difficult to resist eating. The third factor is called negative emotional events (NEE).

The Drive for Muscularity (DM) represents an individual's perception that he or she is not muscular enough and that bulk should be added to his or her body frame, in the form of muscle mass (irrespective of a person's percentage of actual muscle mass or body fat). DM is more prevalent in men, where past research has shown that a muscular mesomorphic body shape is considered to be more desirable than any other.