Key references:
Joshanloo, M., Weijers, D., Jiang, D., Han, G., Bae, J., Pang, J., Ho, L., Ferreira, M. C., Demir, M., Rizwan, M., Khilji, I. A., Achoui, M., Asano, R., Igarashi, T., Tsukamoto, S., Lamers, S. M. A., Turan, Y., Sundaram, S., Yeung, V. W. , Poon, W. , Lepshokova, Z., Panyusheva, T., Natalia, A. (2015). Fragility of happiness beliefs across 15 national groups. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 1185-1210.
Primary use / Purpose:
to measure fragility of happiness beliefs (that happiness is temporary and may be easily replaced by neutral or unpleasant states)
Psychometrics:
The scale has 4 items. It has demonstrated acceptable validity, reliability, and measurement invariance in 15 cultures (see the key reference).
