The Test Of Singing Apprehension (TOSA) Scale was developed during the early days of communication apprehension research. Since virtually all of that research focused on oral communication (talking), the question arose as to whether people who were high in CA with regard to talking would also be high in apprehension about singing. The results of that research indicated there was no meaningful correlation between apprehension about talking and apprehension about singing. This suggested that the cause(s) of CA and SA might be very different. Recent communibiological research also indicates they are different. A corollary of this distinction has been seen before in the study of stuttering. Many stutterers are impacted when they try to talk, but have no problem when singing. Clearly talking and singing are very different oral communication systems.